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1. Background Sugar History of sugar production Sugar products Sugar consumption and human health Cultivation and processing of sugar crops Sugar Cane Cultivation of sugar cane Harvesting of sugar cane Sugar beet Cultivation of sugar beet Harvesting of sugar beet Processing of sugar crops Juice extraction Clarification and evaporation Boiling Traditional and alternative systems of cane sugar processing 2. Overview A summary of the environmental impacts of cultivation of sugarcane and sugar beet Impacts on biodiversity Loss of natural habitats. Impacts on on-going cultivation. Impacts on water Excessive water consumption. Water pollution Impacts on soils Erosion Soil lost at harvest Reduction in soil quality. A summary of the environmental impacts of sugar processing Impacts on biodiversity Impacts on water Excessive water consumption Water pollution. Impacts on soils Reduction in soil quality Impacts on air quality Air pollution Positive environmental aspects of sugar production Crop characteristics By-products of sugar production Environmental health considerations Energy efficiency Reducing the environmental impacts of sugar production Broad measures to reduce multiple environmnetal impacts Appropriate planning can minimise environmental impacts Appropriate management can minimise environmental impacts without compromising productivity and efficiency Regulation and the propagation of best management practices Alternative systems of production - precision, integrated and organic agriculture Appropriate use of fertilisers and agrochemicals More specific measures to reduce multiple environmnetal impacts Tillage Mulching and the cultivation of catch / cover crops Fertilisers Patterns of nutrient usage by sugar crops Inorganic fertilisers Organic fertilisers Rationalising fertiliser use Pesticides Rationalising pesticide use Integrated pest management and biological control Integrated pest management and biological control in sugarcane Integrated pest management and biological control in sugar beet Appropriate harvest operations 3. Water consumption Agriculture, irrigation and water consumption Consumption of water in sugar processing SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION Irrigation in the cultivation of sugar cane Problems arising from sugar cane irrigation. Over-exploitation of water resources Waterlogging of soils Water storage and major infrastructural projects Irrigation and human health Technical aspects of improved irrigation systems Tools to assist in estimation of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling Irrigation system characteristics ? Surface irrigation ? Sprinkler irrigation ? Drip irrigation Source of water for irrigation ? Irrigation with cane processing (and other) waste waters ? Irrigation with saline water Non-technical aspects of improved irrigation systems Reducing quantity of water used in sugar cane cultivation Measures to reduce waterlogging - drainage SUGAR CANE PROCESSING Measures for reducing water consumption in cane processing SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION Irrigation of sugar beet Irrigation and sugar beet diseases Problems arising from irrigation of sugar beet. Technical aspects of improved irrigation systems Tools to assist in the estimation of crop water requirement and irrigation scheduling Irrigation system characteristics ? Surface irrigation ? Sprinkler irrigation ? Drip irrigation Source of water for irrigation ? Irrigation with beet processing waste water ? Irrigation with saline water Non-technical aspects of improved irrigation systems Reducing quantity of water used in beet cultivation BEET PROCESSING Measures for reducing water consumption in beet processing 4. Impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems Runoff Leaching SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION Runoff in cane cultivation systems Leaching in cane cultivation systems Acid sulphate soils Impacts of sugar cane irrigation Reduction of cane cultivation impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems SUGAR CANE PROCESSING Sources of cane mill effluents Cane washing Barometric condenser cooling water Other sources of waste water in cane mills Characteristics of cane mill effluents Reduction of cane processing impacts on water quality Cane washing Treating sugar mill effluent Recycling of cane processing water SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION Runoff in beet cultivation systems Leaching in beet cultivation systems Impacts of sugar beet irrigation Reduction of beet cultivation impacts on water quality and aquatic ecosystems BEET PROCESSING Sources of beet factory effluents Beet washing Barometric condenser cooling water Lime mud Other sources of waste water in sugar beet factories Characteristics of sugar beet factory effluents Reduction of beet processing impacts on water quality Beet washing and fluming Removal of solid wastes from effluent Lime mud Treating sugarbeet factory effluent 5. Impacts on terrestrial biodiversity SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION Ecosystem and habitat scale impacts Land clearance for sugar cane cultivation Impacts of on-going cultivation practices Fragments of natural habitats Diverse agriculture is a good thing Community and species level impacts of on-going cultivation practices Plants Vertebrates Invertebrates Micro-organisms Impacts of transgenic sugar cane Sugar cane genetic resources SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION Ecosystem and habitat scale impacts Land clearance for cultivation Impacts of on-going cultivation Diverse agriculture is a good thing Community and species level impacts of on-going cultivation practices Plants Vertebrates Invertebrates Micro-orgamisms Impacts of transgenic sugar beet. Sugar beet genetic resources BEET PROCESSING 6. Impacts on soils Erosion Soil quality impacts SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION Impact of sugar beet cultivation on soil quantity Erosion Cultivation on slopes Examples of figures for rate of soil erosion under sugar cane Measures to reduce erosion Removal of soil with cane at harvest Impact of sugar cane cultivation on soil quality Organic matter Soil acidification Changes in soil nutrient levels Soil salinization and sodification Accumulation of pesticides in the soil Compaction Surface sealing Impacts of pre-harvest cane burning Measures to reduce impacts of sugar cane cultivation on soil quality SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION Impact of sugar beet cultivation on soil quantity Wind erosion Water erosion Soil loss at harvest Measures to reduce impacts of beet cultivation on soil quantity Wind erosion Water erosion / runoff Soil loss at harvest Impact of sugar beet cultivation on soil quality Organic matter Soil pH Changes in soil nutrient levels Soil salinization and sodification Compaction Impacts of pesticide inputs Impacts of irrigation Measures to reduce impacts of sugar beet cultivation on soil quality 7. Atmospheric impacts SUGAR CANE CULTIVATION Emissions from soils under sugar cane cultivation Pre-harvest cane burning Reducing atmospheric impacts of sugar cane cultivation CANE PROCESSING Particulates Odours Gases Other issues Reducing air pollution arising from sugar cane processing Particulates Odours Gases SUGAR BEET CULTIVATION Emissions from soils under sugar beet cultivation SUGAR BEET PROCESSING Air pollution from power plants Odours and gases from processing, effluents and waste water treatment Other sources of atmospheric pollution Reducing air pollution arising from sugar beet processing IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON CULTIVATION OF SUGAR CROPS Sugar cane Sugar beet 8. Use and impacts of by-products SUGAR CANE Bagasse Use of bagasse as a fuel source Use of bagasse in the manufacture of paper and related products Use of bagasse in manufacture of chemicals and activated carbon Use of bagasse in mulches and soil amendments Use of bagasse in animal feed Other uses of bagasse Cane tops / trash Use of cane tops / trash as mulch Use of cane tops / trash in animal feeds Other uses of cane tops / trash Filter mud Use of filter mud as a fertiliser / soil amendment Use of filter mud as a source of wax Use of filter mud in animal feeds Boiler and fly ash Uses of boiler and fly ash Molasses Use of molasses in the production of yeast / single-cell protein Use of molasses in animal feeds Use of molasses as a fertiliser / soil amendment Other uses of molasses Use of molasses in fermentation / ethanol production Environmental impacts of distillery operations Environmental impacts on air quality Water consumption Environmental impacts on water and soil quality Use of vinasse as a fertiliser / soil amendment Other uses of vinasse Fuel alcohol from sugar cane SUGAR BEET Sugar beet tops Use of sugar beet tops in animal feed Other uses of sugar beet tops Sugar beet pulp Use of sugar beet pulp in animal feed Use of sugar beet pulp as fuel Drying sugar beet pulp Other uses of sugar beet pulp Lime mud Use of lime mud as a soil amendment Sugar beet molasses Use of sugar beet molasses in animal feed Fermentation of sugar beet molasses Use of sugar beet vinasse as a fertiliser / soil amendment Sugar beet as biofuel Other sugar beet by-products
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Sugar crops -- Environmental aspects.