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Contents Please check all TOC HEADING LEVELS with the authors Preface Acknowledgments 1 An Introduction to Surveys and to This Book 000 The Practice of Survey Research The Uses of Surveys Overview of the Survey Process A Brief Summary of This Book 2 Stages of a Survey Stage 1: Survey Design and Preliminary Planning Making Sampling Decisions Designing the Questionnaire Determining Available Money and Time Analyzing Data and Reporting Survey Results Stage 2: Pretesting Drafting the Questionnaire Using Interviewers Debriefing Interviewers Deciding on Pretest Methods Stage 3: Final Survey Design and Planning Stage 4: Data Collection Stage 5: Data Coding, Data-File Construction, Analysis, and Final Report Example of a Time Schedule for a Study 3 Selecting the Method of Data Collection Evaluating the Advantages and Disadvantages of the Four Survey Methods Mail Surveys Advantages Disadvantages Internet Surveys Advantages Disadvantages Telephone Surveys Advantages Disadvantages Face-to-Face Surveys Advantages Disadvantages Combinations of Methods 4 Questionnaire Design: Writing the Questions Questionnaire Design as Process Factors in Questionnaire Development Writing Questions Criteria for Survey Questions The Structure of Survey Questions The Use of Qualifiers in Survey Questions More on Response Categories Spotting Weaknesses in Survey Questions Some Final Advice on Potential Pitfalls 5 Questionnaire Design: Organizing the Questions Introducing the Study Telephone Introductions Advance and Cover Letters What Questions Should the Questionnaire Begin With? Grouping Questions into Sections Questionnaire Length and Respondent Burden Avoiding Other Flaws in Mail Questionnaire Designÿ/ 6 Questionnaire Design: Testing the Questions Importance of Respondents? Comprehension of and Ability to Answer Questions Conventional Pretests and Interviewer Debriefings Post-Interview Interviews Behavior Coding A Note on Intercoder Reliability Cognitive Interviews Respondent Debriefing Expert Panel Examining Interviewer Tasks Revising and Retesting: Deciding Which Pretest Problems to Address Deciding How Much Testing Is Enough Pilot Tests Combined Methods Some Last Advice 7 Designing the Sample The Basics Defining the Population Constructing a Sampling Frame Matching Defined Populations and Sampling Frames Recognizing Problems with Sampling Frames Ineligibles Inaccuracies Missing Information Multiple Listings Determining Sample Size Finite Population Correction Probability Level Variance Confidence Interval Putting It All Together Formula Assumptions What Most Affects Sample Size Hypothesis Testing and Power Using Census Data Research Objectives Analysis Groups Consulting Census Data Making Choices 8 Selecting a Sample Example 1: A Community List-Assisted Telephone Sample Defining the Population Selecting a Frame Example 2: A Directory-Based Community Telephone Sample Solving for the Number of Sample Selections Selecting the Sample Example 3: Other RDD Telephone Samples National RDD Sample Selecting Respondents within Households Example 4: A List Sample of Students Selecting a Frame Deciding on a Sampling Method Example 5: A Sample of University Classes Defining the Population and Preparing the Frame Solving for the Number of Sample Selections Maintaining the Design Integrity 9 Reducing Sources of Error in Data Collection The Origins of Error Variance and Bias Measures of Survey Quality Unit Nonresponse Recent Increases in Nonresponse Item Nonresponse Our Approach: Decisions and Procedures Interviewer-Administered Surveys: Procedures to Minimize Unit Nonresponse Advance Notification Reaching the Sampled Respondents Procedures to Minimize Item Nonresponse Interviewer Effects Interviewer Selection Interviewer Training Conducting the Interview Unit Response Item Response Response Errors Quality Control Self-Administered Surveys: Mail and Internet Email Versus Web Data Collection Unit Response Prior Notification about the Survey Follow-up contacts Response Patterns Reasons for Nonresponse Respondent Selection Refusal Conversion Samples of Nonrespondents Item Nonresponse Tracking 10 Special Topics Ethical Issues in Survey Research The Methodology Report The Utility of the Methodology Report What to Include in the Methodology Report Sample Design Sampling Errors Frame Problems: Undercoverage Instrument Development: Pretesting and Special Methods Data Collection: Interviewer Training, Data Collection Procedures, and Quality Control Response Bias: Questionnaire Problems Unit Nonresponse: Response, Refusal, and Cooperation Rates Special Procedures: Samples of Nonrespondents and Refusal Conversion Nonresponse Bias: Patterns of Nonresponse and the Use of Weights Estimation Item Nonresponse and Imputation Data Entry and Coding: Entry Error, Open-Ends Costs and Contingencies: Planning for the Unexpected For Further Study: Suggested Readings Appendix A: University of Maryland Undergraduate Student Survey Appendix B: Maryland Crime Survey Appendix C: American Association for Public Opinion Research Code of Professional Ethics and Practices References Glossary/Index About the Authors
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Surveys.
Sampling (Statistics).