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CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 THE CONSERVATIVE ALTERNATIVE 1 TOPIC AND PURPOSE 4 Topic 4 Purpose 5 STRUCTURING THE MATERIAL 6 KEY CONCEPTS 13 SOURCES 23 CHAPTER ONE: MODERNISATION AND CONSERVATIVE BACKLASH 30 CIVILIZATIONS AND IDEOLOGIES 31 PROGRESS VERSUS DECAY AND ENTROPY 34 Developmental optimism 34 Pessimistic visions of history 37 SOME COMMENTS ON THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN CONSERVATIVE THOUGHT 40 MUTUAL EXCHANGES OF RUSSIAN AND WESTERN RIGHTIST IDEAS IN HISTORY 44 Before 1917 44 After 1917(1): The Russian émigrés and German national socialism /Italian fascism 49 Emigré organisations 51 After 1917(2): National bolshevism 57 National bolshevism in Soviet Russia 57 National bolshevism and national socialism 62 National bolshevism in Europe 64 THE POST-SOVIET ERA AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY 72 CHAPTER TWO: YELTSIN'S RUSSIA AS A DIVIDED COUNTRY - A SEEDBED OF GROWING CONSERVATISM 75 HISTORICAL PRECURSORS IN THE SOVIET ERA 76 "Shadow capitalism" 78 A growing nationalist opposition 80 THE LATE "BOURGEOIS" REVOLUTION IN 1991 87 Yeltsin's neoliberal reforms - economic determinism 90 Criminal capitalism - the New Russians and the mafia 92 Integration with the West, globalisation 97 "Eine Umwertung aller Werte"(A re-evaluation of all values) - A conservative change of the ideological climate 103 Pessimism 104 Social Darwinism 105 Inequality 108 Anticommunism 110 Suggestions to rehabilitate General Vlasov 114 The Pinochet syndrome 116 National reconciliation on nationalist terms 120 The drive towards nationalism 122 National reconciliation in order to save Russia 123 Partial rapprochement between Yeltsin and the opposition 127 CHAPTER THREE: ACTORS OF THE CONSERVATIVE RESISTANCE: MOVEMENTS AND PARTIES 133 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RUSSIAN NATIONALISM 136 Ethnocentric nationalism versus statism/great power nationalism 137 The extreme right versus moderat/pragmatic nationalism 140 Pro- and anticommunist national patriots 146 Traditionalism versus modern national patriotism 149 1988-1991: Traditionalist movements and parties 150 1992: Modern nationalist movements and parties 153 RNE AND LDPR: TWO KINDS OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM IN OPERATION 161 The Russian National Unity (RNE) 162 V.Zhirinovsky's Liberal Democratic Party (LDPR) 165 A. LEBED AND G.ZYUGANOV: TWO VERSIONS OF PRAGMATIC NATIONALISM 171 General A.Lebed 172 G.Zyuganov and his "communist" party 175 MAIN COMMON TRAITS AND DIVIDING LINES 185 CHAPTER FOUR: THE "THIRD WAY" WORLDVIEW IN THE WESTERNISING OF RUSSIA 187 SECULARISATION OF RUSSIAN THOUGHT IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 189 Russia before 1917 - theocratic autocracy 191 The Soviet era 1917 -1991 - ideocratic autocracy 194 Yeltsin's post-Soviet Russia: Anarchy and secular authoritarianism 196 SECULARISATION OF THE "RUSSIAN IDEA" 198 CHAPTER FIVE: GEOPOLITICS AS A CONSERVATIVE WELTANSCHAUUNG -.THE CLASH OF CIVILIZATIONS 205 THE ORIGIN OF RUSSIAN GEOPOLITICAL THINKING 207 GENERAL IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTIONS OF NEO-EURASIANISM 212 The view of a declining West 212 The conspiracy theory 218 NEO-EURASIANISM: DUGIN, ZYUGANOV, ZHIRINOVSKY 223 Dugin's "red-brown" meta-ideology 224 Dugin's theory, general characteristics 224 Dugin's geopolitical strategy for Russia 230 (1) The new empire 236 (2) New geopolitical allies 240 (3) The Western axis: Berlin-Moscow 242 (4) The eastern axis: Moscow-Tokyo: a Pan-Asian project 247 (5) The southern axis: Moscow-Teheran 250 Zyuganov's national bolshevism 253 (1) A multipolar world 255 (2) The cultural dimension: the Weltanschauung and its crucial role 256 (3) The ecological issue 260 (4) Russia's geopolitical status and mission 262 Zhirinovsky's geopolitical project: A repartition of the world 267 (1) Restauration of the empire 268 (2) The final repartitioning of the world 271 GEOPOLITICS AND RACISM 275 CHAPTER SIX: RUSSIAN RACISM AS A CONSERVATIVE WELTANSCHAUUNG 277 A PARALLEL WITH THE GERMAN VOLKISH IDEAS 280 (1) A conservative backlash against modernization 281 (2) A search for the national identity 282 (3) The Jewish question 284 From traditional to modern anti-Semitism 286 German modern anti-Semitism 288 The Russian paradox: co-existing religious and secular anti-Semitism 293 Russophobia - the scapegoat scenario 299 RACISM: SHAFAREVICH, BEGUNOV, AND BARKASHOV 304 I.Shafarevich and his theory of the "malyi narod" 305 K.Begunov's conspiracy theory 311 The mondialist threat 316 Will Russia survive? 319 V.Korchagin's white-brown activism 320 A.Barkashov's National Socialism 323 The sources of the RNE:s ideology 325 The RNE:s worldview 327 "Chto delat'?"(What is to be done?) 332 THE SITUATION IN THE LATE 1990s 333 CHAPTER SEVEN PUTIN'S RUSSIA: TOWARDS A SYNTHESIS? 335 IRREVERSIBLE MODERNISATION AND WESTERNISATION 338 GROWING CONSERVATIVE NATIONALISM IN SOCIETY 341 RUSSIAN NATIONALISM WITHIN STATE ADMINISTRATION 345 Authoritarianism 1993 346 Great power chauvinism in state policy in 1994-1995 347 Integration of "red-browns" and "browns" with state 0administration 350 TOWARDS A NEW NATIONAL UNITY 353 CONCLUSIONS 364 POSTSCRIPT 377 NOTES 384 INDEX OF NAMES 411 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 421 SOURCES 458
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