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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLES iii FIGURES iv FOREWORD v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi INTRODUCTION 1 Objectives 9 Organization 9 CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION IN UGANDA 11 Proximate Causes of Land Degradation 11 Underlying Causes of Land Degradation 15 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY 39 Conceptual Framework 39 Empirical Model 45 Research Hypotheses 60 Research Methods 87 INCOME STRATEGIES AND LAND MANAGEMENT IN UGANDA 100 Income Strategies 100 Determinants of Income Strategies 104 Crop Choice 109 Land Management Practices 114 Labor Intensity 122 Value of Production 124 Household Income 130 Erosion 132 Potential Impacts of Selected Interventions 134 Proportion of Households Producing Type of Crop, by Income Source 143 Coffee 143 Fruits 143 SUSTAINABILITY OF LAND MANAGEMENT: THE CASE OF SOIL NUTRIENT BALANCES IN EASTERN UGANDA 158 Determinants of Soil Nutrient Inflows 162 Determinants of Soil Nutrient Outflows 166 Determinants of Soil Nutrient Balances 170 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS 179 Summary of Findings 179 APPENDIX A: Descriptive Statistics Selected Survey Results 195 APPENDIX B. Theoretical Dynamic Household Model 201 REFERENCES 209 TABLES Table 3.1 Summary of hypotheses 85 Table 4.1 Descriptive statistics of variables used in econometric analyses 140 Table 4.2 Sources of income of sample households in 2000 142 Table 4.3 Crop diversity of sample households in 2000 143 Table 4.4 Changes in primary income sources between 1990 and 2000 144 Table 4.5 Determinants of primary income source in 1999/2000 (Multinomial logit regressiona) 145 Table 4.6 Determinants of annual crop choice in 1999/2000 (share of plot area planted) 146 Table 4.7 Determinants of land management practices 148 Table 4.8 Determinants of labor use and output value 150 Table 4.9 Determinants of household income 152 Table 4.10 Determinants of predicted erosion 154 Table 4.11 Simulated impacts of changes in selected variables on outcomesa 156 Table 4.12 Simulated impacts of changes in selected variables on outcomes, lowlands vs. highlands (all effects)a 157 Table 5.1 Sources of nutrient inflows 176 Table 5.2 Sources of nutrient outflows 176 Table 5.3 Nutrient balances in farm plots, Eastern Uganda 176 Table 5.4 FGLS regression of determinants of soil nutrient inflows 177 Table 5.5 FGLS regression of determinants of soil nutrient outflows 177 Table 5.6 FGLS regression of determinants of soil nutrient balances 178 Table A.1 Household use of soil and water conservation technologies in 2000, percent A, B (Household data, N=451) 195 Table A.2 Change (% increase/decrease) in household use of soil and water conservation technologies between 1990 and 2000 A (Household data, N=451) 197 Table A.3 Credit availability and savings for households in 2000, percent of households A, B (Household data, N=451) 198 Table A.4 Change (% increase/decrease) in availability of credit for households and household ability to save between 1990 and 2000, percent of householdsA (Household data, N=451) 198 Table A.5 Extension visits to households in 2000 and change in extension and training since 1990 A, B (Household data, N=451) 199 Table A.6 Household involvement in programs and organizations by type, 1990-2000A,B (Household data, N=451) 200 Table A.7 Household involvement in programs and organizations by main focus, 1990- 2000A,B (Household data, N=451) 200 FIGURES Figure 3.1 Factors affecting income strategies, land management, and their implications 43 Figure 3.2 Agro-climatic potential for perennial crops 63 Figure 3.3 Classification of market access in Uganda 69 Figure 3.4 Study region and sample communities 89
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Land use Government policy Uganda, Food supply Government policy Rwanda, Poor Nutrition Government policy Rwanda, Agriculture and state Rwanda, Land capability for agriculture Uganda Data processing