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Table of Contents Chapter 1: Dennis Rouvray, Fact and Fable in the Story of the Table 1. Cosmological Speculations 1 2. Early Conceptions 6 3. Elementary Definitions 10 4. Ordered Groupings 16 5. Periodic Systems 18 6. Mendeleev's Contributions 28 7. Concluding Words 35 Chapter 2: Michael Gordin, The Short Happy Life of Mendeleev's Periodic Law 1. Introduction 41 2. The Path to Periodicity 41 2.1 The Education of Dmitrii Mendeleev 44 2.2 The Principles of Chemistry and the Periodic System 46 2.3 System into Law: Making Periodicity Natural 52 2.4 The Eka-Elements 55 2.5 The Eka-Discoveries 60 3. Russian Newton: Mendeleev the Lawgiver 65 4. The Death of Mendeleev's Law 70 4.1 Chemistry under Attack: Disintegration in Fin-de-Siècle Chemistry 70 4.2 The Chemical Ether 75 5. Conclusion 81 Chapter 3: Masanori Kaji, Discovery of the Periodic Law: Mendeleev and Other Researchers on Element Classification in the 1860s 1. Introduction 91 2. The Classification of Elements during the 1860s 92 2.1 De Chancourtois' Telluric Helix 93 2.2 Newlands' Law of Octaves 94 2.3 Odling's Classification 95 2.4 Hinrichs' Classification 96 3. Lothar Meyer and His Classification of the Elements 96 3.1 The Karlsruhe Congress and Lothar Meyer 96 3.2 Meyer's attempt at classification of the elements during the 1860s 97 4. Mendeleev and Classification of the Elements 97 4.1 Mendeleev's early research in the 1850s 97 4.2 The Karlsruhe Congress and its impact on Mendeleev 98 4.3 Mendeleev's publications in the 1860s 99 4.4 The Principles of Chemistry and classification of the elements 101 5. The Periodic Law after Mendeleev's First Periodic Table 106 6. Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer 109 7. Conclusions 112 Chapter 4: Michael Laing, Patterns in the Periodic Table - Old and New 1. General Introduction 123 2. The Earliest Tables 123 2.1 The first pattern: the Triads of Döbereiner 123 2.2 John Dalton, Atomic Theory, and the Karlsruhe Congress 125 2.3 Lothar Meyer and Atomic Volumes 126 2.4 Dmitrii Mendeleev and his Periodic Table 127 2.5 An Afterthought: Dalton, Valency, and Karlsruhe Congress 128 2.6 The Pyramidal Arrangement 129 2.7 Werner's Spread-Out system 131 2.8 Moseley and Atomic Number 131 3. Modern Periodic Tables 132 3.1 Information Overload 132 3.2 Glenn Seaborg and Transuranium Elements 133 3.3 The Choice of Linus Pauling 134 3.4 The Knight's Move 135 3.5 A System of Integer Numbers 136 4. Newlands and New Ideas 137 5. Our Need 137 6. A Modified Periodic Table 138 7. Conclusion 140 Chapter 5: Eric Scerri, The Best Representation for the Periodic System: The Role of the n + ( Rule and of the Concept of an Element as a Basic Substance 1 Introduction 143 2. Models and Representations in Science 143 3. Brief History of the Representation of The Periodic System 144 4. The Modern Scene 147 5. The Relative Virtues of Two Different Two-Dimensional Forms of the Periodic System 147 6. Beauty, Elegance and Truth 148 7. The Helium Question Revisited 149 8. Natural Classification 150 9. Periodic Tables with Periods Based on n + ( Instead of n 152 10. The Chemical Evidence 153 11. Mendeleev's Views on the Nature of the Elements 154 12. Conclusions 156 13. Textual Notes 157 Chapter 6: Geoffrey Rayner-Canham, The Richness of Periodic Patterns 1. Introduction 161 2. Group Trends 162 3. Periodic Trends 163 4. Isoelectronic Series in Covalent Compounds 164 5. "Combo" Elements 165 6. The (N) Group and (N + 10) Group Similarities 168 6.1 Aluminum and Scandium 168 6.2 Group 14 and Titanium(IV) 169 6.3 Phosphorus(V) and Vanadium(V) 170 6.4 Sulfur(VI) and Chromium(VI) 170 6.5 Chlorine(VII) and Manganese(VII) 170 6.6 Xenon(VIII) and Osmium(VIII) 171 6.7 The Alkali Metals (Group 1) and the Coinage Metals (Group 11) 171 6.8 Magnesium and Zinc 172 6.9 Aluminum and Iron(III): A Case of Similarities between (N + 5) and (N + 10) Species 172 7. Diagonal Relationships 173 7.1 Examples of Diagonal Relationships 173 7.2 Diagonal Patterns in Bonding 175 8. The Knight's Move Relationship 176 8.1 Thallium(I) and its Relationships 177 8.2 The Inert Pair Effect 178 9. Early Actinoids as Pseudo-Transition Metals 179 10. The Lanthanoid Relationships 181 10.1 Lanthanoids in the +3 oxidation state 181 10.2 Europium(II) as a pseudo-Group 2 metal 182 10.3 Similarities of Cerium(IV) and Thorium(IV) 182 11. Pseudo-Elements 183 11.1 Ammonium as a Pseudo-Alkali Metal Ion 183 11.2 The Bis((-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt(III) Ion as a Pseudo-Alkali Metal Ion 184 11.3 Cyanide as a Pseudo-Halide Ion 184 12. Conclusion 185 Chapter 7: R. Bruce King, The Metallurgist's Periodic Table and the Zintl-Klemm Concept 1. Introduction 189 2. The Ionic and Covalent Divides 189 3. The Metallurgical Periodic Table from Alloy Systematics 192 3.1 The Composite Divide 192 3.2 The Transition Metal Divide 195 4. Other Aspects of the Composite Divide: The Zintl-Klemm Concept and Metametals 196 5. The Transition Metal Divide 200 6. Summary 203 Chapter 8: Helen Aspinall, The Lanthanide Elements: Not just Footnotes to the Periodic Table 1. Introduction 207 2. Some Historical Notes 208 3. Facts, Figures, and Some Practical Considerations 208 3.1 Natural sources of the lanthanides 209 4. Periodic Trends in the Lanthanide Series 210 4.1 Trends in ionic radius 212 5. Influence of the Ln3+ Radius on Lanthanide Chemistry 214 5.1 Stability constants of complexes 214 5.2 Structures of Complexes 216 5.3 Effect of ionic radius on reaction kinetics 217 5.4 Catalysis by Ln3+ complexes 220 5.4.1 Heterometallic alkali metal lanthanide binaphtholates 221 5.4.2 Structural studies of alkali metal lanthanide binaphtholates 223 5.4.3 Variation of enantioselectivity with Ln3+ radius in catalysis by pybox complexes 224 5.4.4 Structural studies of lanthanide bis(pybox) complexes 225 6. Chemistry in Oxidation State +2 226 6.1 SmI2 - a new soluble reducing agent for the organic chemist 227 6.2 Organometallic chemistry of Sm(II) 228 6.3 Other lanthanide diiodides 229 6.4 Reactivity of LnI2 species (Ln = Nd, Dy, Tm) 230 6.5 Organo Ln(II) species (Ln = Nd, Dy, Tm) 231 7. The Lanthanides in the Twenty-First Century 233 Chapter 9: Paul Karol, The Heavy Elements 1. Introduction 237 2. Nuclear Structure 237 2.1 Liquid Drop Model 237 2.2 Cluster Decay 239 2.3 Fission 240 2.3.1 Understanding fission 240 2.3.2 Barriers 241 2.3.3 Superheavy elements cannot exist 242 2.4 The Nuclear Shell Model 242 2.5. Superheavy Elements can Exist 244 2.5.1 Reasonable predictions 246 3. Getting There 250 3.1 Reactions 250 3.1.1 Neutron capture 250 3.1.2 Heavy ions 251 3.2 Detection 252 4. Going Further 253 5. Naming the Elements 253 5.1 Debacles 253 5.2 IUPAC 254 5.2.1 Transfermium Working Group 254 5.2.2 Precedents: seaborgium, and other transfermium names 255 5.2.3 IUPAC's further transfermium misadventures 258 5.2.4 Serious errors by the TWG 260 6. Whither the Periodic Table? 262 Chapter 10: Krishnan Balasubramanian, Relativity and the Periodic Table 1. Introduction 265 2. Relativity and Heavy Transition Metal Species 266 3. Relativity and Sixth-Row Main Group Species 273 4. Relativity and Late Actinide Species 275 5. Relativity and Superheavy Species 284 Chapter 11: Maurice Kibler, Classifying Chemical Elements and Particles: from the Atomic to the Subatomic World 1. Introduction 299 2. Elements from Antiquity to 2003 300 2.1 From antiquity to the eighteenth century 300 2.2 From Lavoisier to Mendeleev 301 2.3 From 1870 to 2003 303 2.4 Comparison with particle physics 304 3. Group Theory in Chemistry and Physics 305 3.1 Groups 305 3.2 Representations 307 3.3 Some examples 307 3.3.1 The group SO(4) 308 3.3.2 The group SU(3) 308 3.3.3 The group SO(4, 2) 308 4. Group Theory and the Periodic Table of the Chemical Elements 309 4.1 The importance of the atomic number Z 309 4.2 The importance of quantum mechanics 309 4.3 The Madelung rule 310 4.4 An SO(4, 2) ( SU(2) approach to the Periodic Table 312 4.5 Towards a quantitative approach 316 5. A Periodic Table in the Subatomic Word 317 5.1 The use of group theory for particles and their interactions 317 5.2 The standard model 317 5.3 How has the Periodic Table of particles arisen? 318 5.3.1 The ideal world: the Golden Age (1932) 318 5.3.2 The world gets complicated (1962) 319 5.3.3 The world gets simpler (1964) 321 5.3.4 Other important steps 324 5.4 Some current pivotal research in particle physics 325 5.4.1 Theoretical aspects 325 5.4.2 Experimental aspects 326 6. Closing Remarks 326 Chapter 12: Valentin N. Ostrovsky, The Periodic Table and Quantum Physics 1. Introduction 333 2. The Quantum Approach to the Periodic Table 335 3. The Importance of Approximations 335 4. Approximations Used in the Quantum Analysis of the Periodic Table 336 5. One-Electron Quantum Numbers 338 6. Many Periodic Laws in Nature 341 7. Ordering the Periodic Table: the n + ( Rule 343 8. First Formulations of the n + ( Rule 347 8.1 Early History of the n + ( Rule 349 8.2 Statistical Theory for Atoms and Ordering of one-Electron Energy Levels 351 9. Appearance of the Quantum Number N = n + ( 353 10. Topology of Classical Electron Trajectories In Atoms 354 11. Theoretical Foundation of the (n + (, n) Rule 357 12. More Comments on the n + ( Grouping 361 12.1 The n + ( versus the Hypothetical n + (( Ordering 361 12.2 On Exceptions to the (n + (, n) Rule 362 12.3 Relation between the n + ( Groups and Periods in the Table 362 12.4 The n + ( Grouping of Levels in Excited Atomic States 363 12.5 Dynamic Symmetry of the Atomic Potential 364 12.6 Secondary Periodicity 365 13. Conclusion 366 Chapter 13: Jerry Dias, The Periodic Table Set as a Unifying Concept in Going from Benzenoid Hydrocarbons to Fullerene Carbons 1. Introduction 373 2. Brief Historical Overview 374 3. Periodic Table Set Definition 377 4. Periodic Table for Benzenoid Hydrocarbons 377 4.1 Strictly Pericondensed and Strain-Free Benzenoid Hydrocarbons 377 4.2 Excised Internal Structure/Circumscribing Principle and Constant-Isomer Series 379 4.3 Aufbau Principle and Benzenoid Isomer Enumeration 381 4.4 Construction and Properties of the Formula Periodic Table for Benzenoid Hydrocarbons (Table PAH6) 382 4.5 Formula Periodic Table for Total Resonant Sextet Benzenoid Hydrocarbons [Table PAH6(sextet)] and the Leapfrog Algorithm 386 4.6 Topological Paradigm 389 4 Periodic Tables for Conjugated Hydrocarbons Having Both Pentagonal and Hexagonal Rings 392 5.1 Constant-Isomer Fluorenoid/Fluoranthenoid and Indacenoid Hydrocarbons 392 5.2 Topological Paradigm for Fluorenoids/Fluoranthenoids and Indacenoids 392 5.3 Construction of a formula periodic table for polypentagonal/ polyhexagonal hydrocarbons 393 5.4 Formula/Structure Relationships Defined by Table PAH5 394 6. Conclusion 394
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Periodic law