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Table of Contents Part 1 ? Introduction to AC Theory Chapter 1 ? Reviewing the Applications of DC Theory Overview Objectives Glossary Electron Theory Electron Flow Ions Sources of Electrical Energy Ohm?s Law Cross-Sectional Areas and Resistance Ohm?s Law and Power DC Circuit Analysis Series Circuits Parallel Circuits Combinations Circuits Wire Characteristics Magnetism Magnetism and Current Flow Magnetic Coils Inducing Voltage with Magnetism AC and DC Generators Theorems and Laws Superposition Theorem Kirchhoff?s Laws Thevenin?s Theorem Norton?s Theorem Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 2 ? Mathematics, Using Vectors Effectively Overview Objectives Glossary Scalars, Vectors, and Phasors Scalars Vectors Phasors Vector Referencing Rectangular and Polar Representation Right Triangles and Trigonometry Right Triangles Sines, Cosines, and Tangents Vector Addition and Subtraction Vectors in the Same Direction Vectors in Opposite Directions Vectors in Different Directions Parallelogram Method Using the Rectangular Components Multiplying and Dividing Vectors Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 3 ? Comparing AC to DC Overview Objectives Glossary Why Alternating Current? Sine Waves Frequency Sine Wave Values Eddy Currents Skin Effect Frequency and Wavelength The Measurement of Power Volt-amperes, Watts, and Vars Phase Angle Power in an AC Circuit Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 4 ? AC Resistive Circuits Overview Objectives Resistive Loads Voltage and Current Phasing Instantaneous Value of a Sine Wave Vectors Resistive Factors in an AC Circuit Skin Effect AC Sine Wave Values Peak and Peak-to-Peak RMS Average Full-Wave Average Value Half-Wave Average Value Summary Review Questions Chapter 5 ? Three Phase Systems Overview Objectives Glossary Phases and phase angles Three-phase production Wye connected systems Delta connected systems Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 6 ? DC Generators Overview Objectives Glossary Generator Characteristics Inducing Voltage Sine Wave Generation and Conversion to DC Commutating the output of an AC armature Generator Major Components Armature Windings Brushes Pole Pieces Field Windings Generator Connection Types Series Generators Shunt Generators Compound Generators Paralleling Generators Generator Losses Armature Reaction Summary Review Questions Chapter 7 ? AC Generators Overview Objectives Glossary Induction by Magnetism Generator Principles of Operation Construction of AC Generators Revolving Armature AC Generators Revolving Field AC Generators Rotor Construction Salient Pole Construction Round Rotor Construction Excitation Systems Permanent Magnet Fields Electromagnetic Field Generator Cooling Frequency and Output Voltage Frequency Factors Output Voltage Paralleling Generators Summary Review Questions Chapter 8 ? Inductance and Its Effects on Circuits Overview Objectives Glossary Magnetic Induction Inductance Lenz?s Law Electrical and Physical Properties of Inductance Counter EMF The Henry Physical Factors Affecting Inductance Number of Turns of Wire Spacing between the Turns Cross-Sectional Area of the Core The Permeability of the Core Material Schematic Symbols Circuit Inductance Rise Time of Inductor Current Exponential Rates and Time constants Inductive Reactance Series Inductors Parallel Inductors Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 9 ? Inductive Reactance Overview Objectives Glossary Inductive Reactance Calculating L and XL Q of an Inductor Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 10 ? Inductors in Series and/or Parallel Overview Objectives Glossary Inductors Connected in Series Inductors Connected in Parallel Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 11 - Capacitance and It?s Effect on Circuits Overview Objectives Glossary Capacitor Construction and Ratings Physical Characteristics Electrostatic Charge Capacitor Rating Voltage and Current Relationship in a Capacitor Schematic Symbols Voltage Ratings Capacitors and Current Charge and Discharge Rates Dielectric Characteristics Dielectric Stress Dielectric Constants Capacitive Current, Voltage, and Phase Relationships Frequency Effects Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 12 - Capacitive Reactance Overview Objectives Glossary Capacitive Reactance Capacitive Reactance Formula Review of Units of Measurement Calculating Capacitance Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 13 - Capacitors in Series and/or Parallel Overview Objectives Capacitors in Series Series Capacitor Formulas Calculating Voltage Drops for Series Capacitors Capacitors in Parallel Combination Capacitance Circuits Summary Review Question Practice Problems Chapter 14 - Characteristics of AC Circuits Overview Objectives Review Impedance Phases Angles Resistive and Inductive Phase Shifts Theta Capacitive Circuits Phase Shifts Power and Phase Effects Calculating Different Types of Power Power Factor Reactive Power Apparent Power True Power Electrical Equipment Rated in kVA (Apparent Power) vs. watts (True Power) Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 15 - Parameters of Series RL Circuits Overview Objectives Review Resistance Capacitance Inductance Inductive Reactance Impedance Voltage Drop Power Factor Angle Theta Series RL Circuit Relationships Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 16 ? Parallel RL Circuits Overview Objectives Resistive Inductive Parallel Circuits RL Parallel Circuit Current Resistive Current Inductive Current Total Current Impedance Power Calculations Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 17 ? Series RC Circuits Overview Objectives Resistive Capacitive Circuits Impedance Capacitive Reactance Phase Angle Total Current Voltage Drop Across the Resistor True Power Capacitance Voltage Drop Across the Capacitor Total Voltage Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 18 ? Parallel RC Circuits Overview Objectives Resistance and Capacitance Review RC Parallel Circuits Circuit Values Resistive Current True Power Capacitive Current Total Current Impedance Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 19 ? Inductive and Capacitive (LC) Circuits Overview Objectives Series LC Circuits Parallel LC Circuits RLC Series Circuits RLC Parallel Circuits LC Series and Parallel Circuits Series LC Circuits ? Total Impedance Parallel LC Circuits ? Total Impedance Method #1 Method #2 Current Resonant Circuits Series Resonant Circuits Parallel Resonant Circuits Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 20 ? Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive (RLC) Circuits in Series Overview Objectives Glossary RLC Series Circuits Voltage Drop Total Impedance Current Resistive Calculations Resistive Voltage Drop Watts Dissipation Inductive Circuit Characteristics Inductance Voltage Drop Across the Inductor Capacitive Circuit Characteristics Capacitance Voltage Drop Across the Capacitor RLC Circuit Power Characteristics Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 21 ? Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive (RLC) Circuits in Parallel Overview Objectives Parallel Circuits Calculating RLC Parallel Circuit Values Impedance Resistive Current True Power Inductive Current Inductance Capacitive Current Capacitance Total Circuit Calculations Total Current Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Parallel Resonant Circuits Determining Impedance Using the Assumed Voltage Method Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 22 ? Comparing Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive (RLC) Circuits in Series and Parallel Overview RLC Series and Parallel Circuits Compare RLC Series Circuits RLC Parallel Circuits Series Problem Solving Impedance Current Resistive Voltage Drop Watts Inductance Voltage Drop Across the Inductor Capacitance Voltage Drop Across the Capacitor Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Parallel Power Solving Impedance Resistive Current True Power Inductive Current Inductance Capacitive Current Capacitance Total Circuit Current Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Parallel Resonant Circuits Current Calculations Finding Impedance Summary For Series RLC Circuits For Parallel RLC Circuits Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 23 ? Combination RLC Circuits Overview Objectives Combination RLC Circuits Circuit Analysis-Resistance, Inductance, and Compacitance Parallel Component Vector Addition Circuit Total Vector Addition Current Solutions for Parallel Circuits Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 24 ? Series RLC Circuits and Resonance Overview Objectives Resonance Series Resonant Circuits Resonance Current Effects Inductor (Q) Factor (Q) Calculations-Method 1 (Q) Calculations-Method 2 Exercises with RLC Series Circuits Bandwidth Voltage in RLC Series Circuits Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 25 ? Parallel RLC Circuits and Resonance Overview Objectives Parallel Circuit Resonance Basic LC Parallel Operation Ideal versus Real Resistance in LC Parallel Circuits Practical Circuit Example Circuit Calculations Parallel Resonant Circuit Tuning Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 26 ? Use of Filters to Control AC Signals Overview Objectives Filter Operation and Classification Filter Operation Filter Classification Low Pass Filters Low Pass Filter Operation Inductive Low Pass Filter Capacitive Low Pass Filter Combined LC Low Pass Filter High Pass Filter High Pass Filter Operation Capacitive High Pass Filter Inductive High Pass Filter Combined LC High Pass Filter Band Pass Filters Band Pass Filter Operation Band Pass Filter with Parallel Load Band Reject Filters Band Reject Filter Operation Band Reject Filter with Parallel Load Complex Filters ?T? Type Filter ??? (PI) Type Filter Other Complex Filters Summary Review Questions Practice Problems Chapter 27 ? Power Factors in AC Circuits Overview Objectives Types of Power True Power Reactive Power Apparent Power Power Factor Angle Theta Apparent Power in RL Series and Parallel Circuits Apparent Power Relationships Parallel Circuit Power Factor Parallel Circuit Angle Theta Power Factor ? Leading or Lagging Apparent Power in RC Series and Parallel Circuits Power Factor in RC Circuits Power Factor Problem Solving Summary Review Questions Practice Problems
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Electric circuits Alternating current