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Chapter 1 Introduction to the Human Body Anatomy 2 Physiology 2 Structural and Functional Organization 2 Characteristics of Life 3 Homeostasis 7 Terminology and the Body Plan 9 Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life Basic Chemistry 20 Chemical Reactions 25 Acids and Bases 29 Inorganic Chemistry 30 Organic Chemistry 31 Chapter 3 Cell Structures and Their Functions of the Cell 42 Cell Structure 42 Nucleus 44 Cytoskeleton 47 Whole Cell Activity 48 Movement Through the Cell Membrane 48 Cell Metabolism 54 Protein Synthesis 56 Cell Division 59 Differentiation 64 Chapter 4 Tissues, Glands, and Membranes Epithelial Tissue 72 Functions of Epithelia 72 Connective Tissue 79 Muscle Tissue 85 Nervous Tissue 87 Membranes 87 Inflammation 88 Tissue Repair 88 Chapter 5 The Integumentary System Functions of the Integumentary System 96 Hypodermis 96 Skin 96 Accessory Skin Structures 99 Physiology of the Integumentary System 101 Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System 103 The Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Aid 103 Burns 103 Skin Cancer 105 Chapter 6 The Skeletal System: Bones and Joints Functions of the Skeletal System 113 Connective Tissue 113 General Features of Bone 114 General Considerations of Bone Anatomy 121 Axial Skeleton 122 Appendicular Skeleton 132 Articulations 139 Chapter 7 The Muscular System Functions of the Muscular System 153 Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle 153 Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle 166 Skeletal Muscle Anatomy 167 Chapter 8 The Nervous System Functions of the Nervous System 194 Division of the Nervous System 194 Cells of the Nervous System 195 Propagation of Action Potentials 198 Central Nervous System 207 Peripheral Nervous System 223 Autonomic Nervous System 227 Chapter 9 The Senses General Senses 237 Special Senses 239 Olfaction 239 Taste 239 Vision 240 Hearing and Balance 247 Chapter 10 The Endocrine System Functions of the Endocrine System 261 Chemical Signals 261 Receptors 263 Hormones 268 The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones 269 Other Hormones 284 Chapter 11 Blood Functions of Blood 292 Composition of Blood 292 Plasma 292 Formed Elements 292 Preventing Blood Loss 299 Blood Grouping 302 Diagnostic Blood Tests 305 Chapter 12 The Heart Functions of the Heart 312 Size, Form, and Location of the Heart 312 Anatomy of the Heart 313 Histology of the Heart 320 Electrical Activity of the Heart 322 Cardiac Cycle 326 Heart Sounds 326 Regulation of Heart Function 328 Chapter 13 Blood Vessels and Circulation Functions of the Peripheral Circulation 342 General Features of Blood Vessel Structure 342 Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation 345 Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Arteries 348 Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Veins 351 The Physiology of Circulation 355 Local Control of Blood Vessels 360 Nervous Control of Blood Vessels 361 Regulation of Arterial Pressure 362 Chapter 14 The Lymphatic System and Immunity The Lymphatic System 374 Immunity 378 Innate Immunity 379 Adaptive Immunity 381 Immune Interactions 388 Immunotherapy 388 Acquired 389 Chapter 15 Respiratory System Functions of the Respiratory System 400 Anatomy of the Respiratory System 400 Ventilation and Lung Volumes 407 Gas Exchange 412 Gas Transport in the Blood 416 Rhythmic Ventilation 416 Modification of Ventilation 419 Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise 422 Chapter 16 The Digestive System Functions of the Digestive System 431 Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System 431 Movements and Secretions in the Digestive System 442 Digestion, Absorption, and Transport 451 Chapter 17 Nutrition, Metabolism, and Body Temperature Regulation Nutrition 465 Metabolism 473 Body Temperature Regulation 481 Chapter 18 Urinary System and Fluid Balance Functions of the Urinary System 488 Urinary System 488 Urine Production 495 Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume 500 Urine Movement 504 Body Fluid Compartments 504 Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition 506 Regulation of Acid-Base Balance 510 Chapter 19 The Reproductive System Functions of the Reproductive System 520 Formation of Sex Cells 521 Male Reproductive System 523 Physiology of Male Reproduction 528 Female Reproductive System 532 Physiology of Female Reproduction 538 Chapter 20 Development, Heredity, and Aging Prenatal Development 551 Parturition 563 The Newborn 565 Lactation 567 The First Year Following Birth 569 Life Stages 570 Aging 570 Death 571 Genetics 571 Appendices A Table of Measurements 581 B Some Reference Laboratory Values 583 C Scientific Notation 588 D Solution Concentrations 589 E pH 590
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Human physiology, Human anatomy