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Contents Preface xi Introduction: Framing the Problem of National Security 1 The Nature of Change 2 How Much Has Changed? 2 New Dynamics in the Environment 4 Globalization and Geopolitics 9 Conclusions: Quo Vadis? 11 Selected Bibliography 12 PART I THE CONTEXT 13 CHAPTER 1 Fault Lines: World Politics in a New Millennium 15 The First Fault Line: The World after the Cold War 18 Undeniable Benefits 20 Debatable Changes 22 The Second Fault Line: The World after September 11 26 AMPLIFICATION 1.1: The Rules of War: Who is a POW? 30 The Nature of the System: A World of Tiers 31 The First Tier 32 The Second Tier 35 Intersecting the Tiers 37 Dynamics of the New System: Globalization and/ or Geopolitics 37 AMPLIFICATION 1.2: System Changes and Continuity, 1900 and 2000 38 The American Role in the New World System 39 Conclusion: The Continuing Role of Force 42 Selected Bibliography 43 CHAPTER 2 Geopolitics: America and the Realist Paradigm 45 Realism and the Realist Paradigm 48 Basic Concepts and Relationships 49 Sovereignty 50 Vital Interests 51 AMPLIFICATION 2.1: Finding the Boundary between Vital and Less-Than-Vital Interests 53 Power Politics 54 Challenge!: Justifying the U.S. Invasion of Afghanistan 55 AMPLIFICATION 2.2: Measuring Power 57 Paradigm Summary 59 Critiques and Anomalies of the Realist Paradigm 60 Critiques 61 AMPLIFICATION 2.3: The Limits of Power: Dealing with Saddam 62 Anomalies 66 Conclusion: The Realist Paradigm Today 68 Selected Bibliography 70 CHAPTER 3 The American Experience 71 Conditioning Factors in the American Tradition 72 American Ahistoricism 72 Accident of Geography 74 AMPLIFICATION 3.1: Dealing with Dependence on Persian Gulf Oil 75 The Anglo-Saxon Heritage 76 Evolution of the American Experience 77 The Formative Period: 1789/1945 77 Antimilitary Bias 78 The Citizen-Soldier 79 The Myth of Invincibility 79 Mobilization and Demobilization 80 AMPLIFICATION 3.2: Readiness and Pearl Harbor 81 Total War Preference 81 The Cold War: 1945/89 83 The Role of the Media 85 AMPLIFICATION 3.3: The Media and the Persian Gulf War 87 The Impact of Democratic Institutions 88 Conclusion: The Contemporary Period: 1989/Present 89 Challenge!: How Much Has Changed? 91 Selected Bibliography 92 CHAPTER 4 The Nature and End of the Cold War 93 The Cold War System 95 Characteristics 97 AMPLIFICATION 4.1: Better Dead than Red? Better Red than Dead? 99 Sources of Change 100 Forms of Military Competition 102 Conventional Forces 104 Nuclear Forces 106 AMPLIFICATION 4.2: The Capitalist Bomb 108 Deadlock of the Competition 109 The Economic Dimension 110 The Military Dimension 111 Convergence 112 Cold War Residues 115 Russia and the Successor States 115 AMPLIFICATION 4.3: Chechnya and the Pipeline 117 The European Security Problem 118 Challenge!: The Former Soviet Union and the War on Terrorism 119 Conclusion: The End of the Cold War in Perspective 121 Selected Bibliography 122 CHAPTER 5 The Rise of Globalization 123 The Bretton Woods System, 1945/71 125 The Setting 125 The Bretton Woods Institutions 127 AMPLIFICATION 5.1: The ITO and the Anti/Free Traders 129 The Breakdown of Bretton Woods 131 The Transitional Period, 1971/90 133 American Decline 134 Amplification 5.2: The Declinist Thesis 135 American Revival 136 The Globalizing Economy, 1990/Present 138 Characteristics and Values 139 The Mechanics of Globalization 143 Challenge!: How Important Are Balanced Budgets and Free Trade? 144 Barriers to Globalization 147 AMPLIFICATION 5.3: The Rejectionists 148 Conclusion: Globalization and American Security 150 Selected Bibliography 151 PART II THE CHANGING WORLD 153 CHAPTER 6 Security, Interests, and Power 155 Thinking about Security 156 Military and Nonmilitary Elements of Security 157 Challenge!: Defining Terrorism as a Security Threat 159 AMPLIFICATION 6.1: Israel, Syria, the Golan Heights, and Water 161 Levels of Security 162 Changing Concepts of Security 165 Thinking about Interests 166 Levels of Interests 166 Security and Interests in the Contemporary Environment 170 AMPLIFICATION 6.2: Should the United States Be in Kosovo? 173 Applying Instruments of Power 174 Using the Instruments 174 The Contemporary Balance of Instruments of Power 176 Conclusion: The Changing Nature of Influence 178 Selected Bibliography 179 CHAPTER 7 The Foreign and Domestic Environments 181 Competing Images of the International Environment 183 Kaplan: The Coming Anarchy 183 Friedman: Globalization 185 Reconciling Worldviews 187 The Impact of Domestic Politics 188 The Executive Branch 190 AMPLIFICATION 7.1: The President, the Constitution, and National Security 192 The Congress 196 AMPLIFICATION 7.2: The Congress, the Constitution, and National Security 198 Applications: Responding to the Environment 202 The Department of Homeland Security 202 Military Manpower 204 Military Reform and the QDR 206 Challenge!: Military Service after September 11, 2001 207 AMPLIFICATION 7.3: The Goldwater-Nichols Act 209 Conclusion: The Environment since September 11, 2001 210 Selected Bibliography 211 CHAPTER 8 Traditional Military Problems 212 Nuclear Forces and Deterrence 214 Seminal Events of the Nuclear Age 214 The Nature of the Competition 218 Theories of Deterrence 219 Nuclear Residues 223 AMPLIFICATION 8.1: The Chinese Threat 225 Conventional Forces and the Future 227 Challenge!: Taking Out Saddam 228 Traditional Roles 229 Military Reform 231 AMPLIFICATION 8.2: Light and Heavy Forces? 232 Force Modernization and the 2001 QDR 233 Conclusion: The Continuing Relevance of the Traditional Forces 236 AMPLIFICATION 8.3: Creighton Abrams and the Role of the Reserves 237 Selected Bibliography 239 PART III NEW CHALLENGES 241 CHAPTER 9 The "New Kind of War" 243 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical War 246 Evolution of Asymmetrical Warfare 247 AMPLIFICATION 9.1: Sun Tzu on Asymmetrical Warfare 249 The Contemporary Setting 250 Asymmetrical Futures? 257 Fourth-Generation Warfare 257 New Internal Wars 261 Amplification 9.2: The "Battle" for Sierra Leone 263 Conclusion: New Form or New Face of War? 266 Challenge!: Is There a New Kind of War? 267 Selected Bibliography 267 CHAPTER 10 Nontraditional and Other Security Threats 269 Regional Conflicts 270 The Israeli/Palestinian Conflict 272 The Indian/Pakistani Conflict 277 Terrorism 282 Challenge!: Dealing with Irresolvable Differences 283 Characteristics of Terrorism 284 AMPLIFICATION 10.1: Schools for Terrorists: The Madrassas System 289 Dealing with Terrorism 290 Terrorism and National Security 293 AMPLIFICATION 10.2: Should Force Be Used to Root Out Terrorism? 295 The Problem of Drugs 295 Drugs as a Security Problem 296 The War on Drugs 296 Ongoing Problems 298 Conclusion: Expanded Roles and Means 299 Selected Bibliography 300 CHAPTER 11 Peacekeeping and State-Building: The New Dilemma 302 Failed and Failing States: The Context 305 What Is a Failed State? 306 AMPLIFICATION 11.1: Indonesia as a Potentially Failing State 308 Failed States and National Security 311 Concepts and Forms of Intervention 313 Basic Distinctions 314 Peacekeeping 317 State-Building 319 Amplification 11.2: The Talk-Shoot Relationship in Peacekeeping 320 AMPLIFICATION 11.3: KFOR and UNMIK 326 Conclusion: The New World Order? 328 Challenge!: What Should We Do in Afghanistan? 329 Selected Bibliography 330 CHAPTER 12 The Geopolitics of Globalization 332 Globalization as a Geopolitical Phenomenon 333 Globalization and the American Decade of the 1990s 335 AMPLIFICATION 12.1: China, Taiwan, Guns, and Butter 336 Challenges to American Leadership from the 1990s 338 AMPLIFICATION 12.2: The S&L and Corporate Scandals 339 The Impact of September 11, 2001 341 Globalization and Terrorism 341 Short-Term Incompatibilities 343 Long-Term Compatibilities 348 AMPLIFICATION 12.3: The Israeli Campaign against Palestinian "Terrorism" 350 The Case of Afghanistan 351 Conclusion: Reconciling Globalization and Terrorism 354 Challenge!: Will Globalization Really Work? 356 Selected Bibliography 356 PART IV THE FUTURE 359 CHAPTER 13 Globalization and Geopolitics 361 The Future of Geopolitics and National Security 363 AMPLIFICATION 13.1: The SECDEF on Future Force 364 The Future of Globalization 369 Where Globalization and Geopolitics Meet 373 AMPLIFICATION 13.2: Friedman and Kaplan Reprised 374 Conclusion: What Makes Us Secure? What Makes Us Prosperous? 377 Challenge!: Visions of the Violent Future 380 Selected Bibliography 380 Index 381
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: National security United States, United States Military policy, World politics 1995-2005