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Table of Contents Figures and Tables vi Foreword xi Acknowledgments xiii Units of Measurement xiv Introduction 1 Drilling Fluids and Equipment 1 Drilling Fluids 1 Equipment for Circulating Drilling Mud 2 Other Equipment 4 Circulating Air and Gas 7 History 8 Circulating Systems 11 Functions of the Circulating System 11 Cleaning the Bottom of the Hole 12 Transporting Cuttings to the Surface 13 Cooling the Bit and Lubricating the Drill Stem 14 Supporting the Walls of the Well 15 Powering Downhole Equipment 19 Getting Information about the Formation Rock and Fluids 21 To Summarize 21 Mud Circulating Systems 22 Equipment 22 Hydraulics of Mud Circulation 35 To Summarize 37 Air Circulating Systems 38 Mist Drilling 39 Equipment 40 Layout and Drilling Procedures 41 Volume, Pressure, and Velocity 43 Compressors 44 To Summarize 44 Drilling Muds 45 Composition of Drilling Muds 45 Solids in Mud 46 Water-Base Muds 47 Oil Muds 57 Synthetic Muds 60 To Summarize 61 Testing of Drilling Mud 62 Preparing Mud Samples 62 Density Test 63 Viscosity and Gel-Strength Tests 64 Filtration and Wall-Building Tests 67 Measuring Sand Content 68 Solids, Water, and Oil Content 69 Determining pH 70 Other Tests 70 To Summarize 70 Treatment of Drilling Mud 71 Breakover 71 Weighting Up 72 Calculating Increased Volume 79 Using Tables 80 Calculating Hydrostatic Pressure 82 Water-back 83 Factors Affecting Mud Performance and Cost 84 To Summarize 85 Safe Handling of Muds and Additives 86 Storage and Handling of Mud Materials 86 Handling Chemicals 90 Handling Oil Muds 93 To Summarize 94 Pumps on the Rig 95 Reciprocating Pumps 96 Configuration of a Triplex Mud Pump 99 Configuration of a Duplex Mud Pump 108 Pumping Output of Reciprocating Pumps 110 Suction 112 Pressure Surges 113 Comparison of Triplex and Duplex Pumps 118 To Summarize 119 Operating Reciprocating Pumps Efficiently 120 Maintenance of Triplex Pumps 125 Maintenance of Duplex Pumps 134 To Summarize 136 Centrifugal Pumps 137 Advantages of Centrifugal Pumps 139 Fluid Regulation 139 Operating Centrifugal Pumps Efficiently 140 Pump Sizing and Selection 141 Maintenance of Centrifugal Pumps 142 To Summarize 144 Other Circulating Equipment 145 Shale Shakers 146 How It Works 146 Mud Properties 148 Screens 148 Fine-Mesh Screens 149 Sand Trap 151 Plugging 151 Maintenance 152 To Summarize 152 Solids Control 153 Desanders and Desilters 154 Mud Cleaners 160 Mud Centrifuges 165 To Summarize 171 Mud Gas Separators and Degassers 172 Mud-Gas Separators 173 Vacuum Degassers 175 Centrifugal Degasser 177 Eductor Design 178 To Summarize 178 Other Equipment 179 Mud Mixers and Agitators 179 Jet Hoppers 179 Mud Agitators 181 Mud Monitoring Instruments 182 To Summarize 192 Glossary 193 Review Questions 229 Answers to Review Questions 235 Figure List 1. Drawn without the derrick, this diagram shows the relationship of the many components of the circulating system. 2 2. Modern mud pumps 3 3. Cuttings carried by the mud are removed by two shale shakers on this location. 5 4. Additional circulating equipment includes a degasser, desilter, and desander, which are located over the mud pits downstream from the shaker. 6 5. Cuttings are blasted out the blooey line. Should gas be encountered, the flare will ignite it so that the gas will burn away harmlessly. 7 6. Early mud pump 8 7. Watercourses in a roller cone bit 9 8. Circulating drilling fluid lifts cuttings. 12 9. The drilling mud's hydrostatic pressure pushes on the sides and bottom of the hole, and forces the liquid part of the drilling mud into the for-mation. 15 10. Solid particles in the drilling mud plaster the wall of the hole and form an impermeable wall cake. 17 11. Blowout preventer stack on a land rig. At the top of the stack is the annular preventer. Two ram preventers are nippled up below the annular. 18 12. (a) Drilling assembly using a downhole motor and a bent sub. (b) Turbo-drill 20 13. This schematic diagram shows the circulating path of drilling mud. 22 14. Trip sheet with spaces to show displacement of drill stem components, number of stands pulled, and calculated versus actual amounts of fill-up mud. 25 15. High-pressure mud manifold 26 16. Suction line from mud suction tank to mud pump 27 17. The mud pump sends mud up the standpipe and into the rotary hose. 28 18. Rotary hose attached to the swivel gooseneck 29 19. Standpipe height for a 55-foot (17-metre) hose 30 20. Construction of rotary hose 31 21. The kelly passes through the kelly bushing, which fits into the master bushing of the rotary table. 32 22. This mud return line is carrying drilling mud from the wellhead, on the right, to a mud-gas separator. 33 23. Pressure losses in a circulating mud system 35 24. Chemical tank and pump for circulating with foam 39 25. Arrangement of equipment for air circulation 41 26. Blowout preventers for air drilling 42 27. Bentonite reacting with water 49 28. Destabilization of shale specimen by hydration of a healed fracture 51 29. Two percent oil emulsion mud magnified 900 times 52 30. Protective skin of surfactant molecules around a hydrophilic solid 58 31. Mud balance 63 32. Marsh funnel 64 33. Direct-indicating viscometer 65 34. Schematic diagram of the direct indicating viscometer 65 35. High-pressure/high-temperature filter press 67 36. Screen set 68 37. Mud still 69 38. Sacks of material in a mud house 87 39. Two P-tanks on a land rig 89 40. Equipment for chemical treatment of mud 90 41. First aid for chemical burns of the skin 92 42. First aid for chemical burns of the eye 92 43. In a reciprocating pump, a piston moves back and forth in a liner. 96 44a. Operation of piston and valves of a triplex pump 97 44b. Operation of one piston and valves of a duplex pump 97 45. Power and fluid ends of a triplex pump 99 46a. Power bands (V-belts) from the rig's compound drive this triplex pump. 100 46b. Electric motors turn a chain drive under the steel guard. 101 47. Essential parts of the power and fluid ends of a mud pump 101 48. Pony rod wipers 102 49. Part of a triplex pump's fluid end, showing valve pots 103 50. Pump piston 104 51. Liner, rod, and piston for a triplex pump 105 52. Motor-driven pump for cooling piston rods and a supercharging pump 105 53. Piston rod 106 54. Liner packing 106 55. Valves and valve seats 107 56. Duplex, double-acting pump 108 57. Fluid end of a duplex pump 109 58. Piston rod packing 109 59. The bumpy line to the left indicates surges in pump delivery. 113 60. Cavitation occurs where fluid passes through sharp ells under high pressure. 114 61. At top, the piston moves to right faster than mud can travel, leaving a gap between the mud and the piston. 115 62. Suction and discharge dampeners 116 63a. Bladder-type discharge dampener 117 63b. Spherical, nonbladder-type discharge dampener 117 64. Suction line from suction tank to pump 120 65. Pressure-relief valve on pump discharge line 122 66. Settling chamber on pump's power end 126 67. Measuring liner wear for a single-acting pump 128 68. Piston service life related to piston liner demand 1 31 69. Hydraulic valve seat puller 132 70. Typical rod wear pattern of a double-acting pump 134 71. Cutaway of a centrifugal pump 137 72. Operation of a centrifugal pump 138 73. Suction and discharge piping for a centrifugal pump 140 74. Troubleshooting guide for centrifugal pumps 143 75. Shale shaker 146 76. Pyramid screen 150 77. Solids size and removal equipment 153 78. Plastic hydrocyclones 155 79. Operating principles of a cone-shaped centrifuge 155 80. Applications of a cone-shaped centrifugal separator 156 81. Cones in a desilter 158 82. Mud cleaner 160 83. Mud cleaner separation process 161 84. Closed system (unweighted mud) 164 85. Decanting centrifuge 165 86. Operation of a decanting centrifuge 166 87. Operating parts of a concentric cylinder centrifuge 167 88. System to salvage barite from weighted mud 168 89. System to remove solids from unweighted mud 170 90. Mud-gas separator 172 91. Vacuum degasser 173 92. Operation of a mud-gas separator 174 93. Operation of one type of vacuum degasser 176 94. Centrifugal degasser 177 95. Vacuum degasser using an eductor 178 96. Centrifugal pump and jet hopper for mud mixing 179 97. Mud agitator 181 98. Jet siphon for moving mud or cuttings 182 99. Arrangement of a pit level indicating instrument 183 100. A pump speed indicator can be attached to the mud pump in several ways. 185 101. Pump speed indicator, calibrated to show strokes per minute 186 102. Mud pump pressure gauge 187 103. A return-flow sensing system 188 104. Air-actuated mud density recording device 190 105. Electrical mud density and temperature recording device 191
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Drilling muds, Oil well drilling Equipment and supplies