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Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1. What is Historical Archaeology? 1 Archaeology of the Recent Past 3 Three Past Definitions of Historical Archaeology 7 Historical Archaeology as the Study of a Period 8 Historical Archaeology as a Method 12 Historical Archaeology as the Study of the Modern World 18 Defining Today's Historical Archaeology 22 Historical Archaeology Is Multidisciplinary 22 Historical Archaeology Focuses on the Post-prehistoric Past 25 Historical Archaeology Seeks to Understand the Global Nature of Modern Life 27 Time Travel: La Isabella, Hispaniola, 1493-1498 31 CHAPTER 2. A BRIEF HISTORY OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 35 The Important and the Famous (1855 to the 1960s) 36 Theoretical Foundations 42 Fort Necessity, Pennsylvania 44 Signal Hill, Newfoundland 46 Historical Archaeology of People (1960s to Today) 47 Theoretical Foundations 48 People Without History 53 Yaughan and Curriboo Plantations, South Carolina 55 Gold Bar Camp, Nevada 56 Today's Historical Archaeology 57 Theoretical Foundations 58 The Paca Mansion, Annapolis, Maryland 59 Boott Mill, Lowell, Massachusetts 60 The Chesapeake 62 The Blue Mountains, Jamaica 64 Time Travel: Smith's Fort, Bermuda, 1613 66 CHAPTER 3. HISTORICAL CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND HISTORICAL SITES 70 Anthropology 71 Culture and Society 74 Human Behavior in the Past: Analogies and Direct Historical Approaches 77 Cultural Systems 80 Cultural Change 84 Goals of Historical Archaeology 86 Preservation and Site Interpretation 87 Undocumented Lifeways 88 The Process of Globalization 90 Historic-Period Sites 91 Domestic Sites 92 Industrial Sites 95 Military Sites 99 Burial Sites 103 Special-Purpose Sites 106 Multipurpose Sites 108 Maritime Sites 109 Time Travel: Palmares, Brazil, c. 1650 111 CHAPTER 4. HISTORICAL ARTIFACTS 115 Artifacts and Material Culture 116 Interpreting Artifacts 120 Artifacts as Historical Documents 122 The Coca-Cola Bottle 124 Ceramic Makers' Marks 125 Bottle Makers' Marks 128 Technological Attributes 129 Artifacts as Commodities 132 Using Historical Records in Commodity Research 133 Using Artifacts in Commodity Research 137 Artifacts as Ideas 141 Different Interpretations of the Ideas Behind Artifacts 143 Time Travel: Mobile, Alabama, 1702-1711 148 CHAPTER 5. TIME AND SPACE 152 Time 152 Relative Dating 154 Dating with Objects of Known Age 160 Formula Dating 164 Dendrochronology 168 Space 170 Space at Archaeological Sites 173 Activity Areas 174 Households 176 Neighborhoods 178 Communities 181 Settlement Patterns 182 Time Travel: Limehouse Porcelain Manufactory, 1745-1748 187 CHAPTER 6. HISTORICAL SITE SURVEY AND LOCATION 191 Known Sites 192 Accidental Discoveries 195 Finding Historical Sites 197 Using Maps and Other Sources to Find Historical Sites 197 Archaeological Survey 201 Pedestrian Survey 202 Sampling 204 Subsurface surveying 206 Metal Detectors 206 Proton Magnetometers 208 Soil Resistivity Surveying 209 Ground-Penetrating Radar 210 Sonar 212 Soil Phosphate Analysis 213 The Paranormal? 215 Time Travel: Pribilof Islands, Alaska, 1780s 217 CHAPTER 7. PRE-EXCAVATION FIELDWORK: DOCUMENTS, INTERVIEWS, BUILDINGS 221 Historical Fieldwork and Documents 221 The Historian's Craft 226 Oral Interviewing 233 Architectural Fieldwork 238 Detailed Architectural Surveys 240 Other Architectural Surveys 242 Time Travel: La Surveillante wreck, Bantry Bay, Ireland, 1797 245 CHAPTER 8. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK: FIELD AND LABORATORY 249 Archaeological Procedures 250 The Process of Archaeological Excavation 252 Research Design 252 Implementation 255 Fieldwork 255 Analysis 256 Interpretation 260 Publication 263 Excavation 264 Contexts of Space and Time 264 Methods 266 Tools 268 Field Recording 270 Conservation 272 Back to the Laboratory 275 Classifying and Grouping Historical Artifacts 275 Time Travel: Fresh Water Pond, New York City, 1810-1834 280 CHAPTER 9. INTERPRETING THE HISTORICAL PAST 284 Humanistic Historical Archaeology 285 Humanistic Archaeology at Kingsmill 288 Scientific Historical Archaeology 290 Scientific Historical Archaeology at Camden 292 Humanistic Science in Historical Archaeology 294 Historical Structuralism 294 Critical Materialism 301 Time Travel: Ross Female Factory, Tasmania, 1803-1854 309 CHAPTER 10. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF GROUPS 313 Cultural Complexity and Social Stratification 315 Social Class 319 Gender 323 Ethnicity 331 Race 337 Social Class, Gender, Ethnicity, and Race 341 Time Travel: Nain, Labrador, 1820-1880 348 CHAPTER 11. GLOBAL HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 352 Cultural Contacts 354 The Dutch Empire 357 Africa 358 North America 367 The Caribbean and South America 372 Asia 374 Time Travel: Dolly's Creek, Australia, 1860s-1890s 377 CHAPTER 12. HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND CULTURE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 381 The Changing Face of Historical Archaeology 381 Some Pros and Cons of CRM Archaeology 389 Some Ethical Issues in CRM Archaeology 395 Time Travel: Hacienda Tabi, Mexico, 1876-1911 399 CHAPTER 13. THE PAST IN THE PRESENT 402 Living Archaeology 403 Politics and Historical Archaeology 407 Plundered History 412 The Antiquities Market 414 Who Owns the Past? 417 The Future of Historical Archaeology 419 Historical Archaeology and the Local Historical Society 421 Being Educated in Historical Archaeology 424 Jobs in Historical Archaeology 427 Useful Addresses 427 Time Travel: John Russell Cutlery Company, Massachusetts, 1833-1933 429 Guide to Further Reading 432 Glossary 469
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Archaeology and history