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CONTENTS Preface iii Figures xi Tables xiii Summary xv Introduction xv The Analytic Framework xvi The Physical and Information Domains xix Sensor Metrics xix Fusion Metrics xx Network Metrics xxi The Cognitive Domain xxiii Modeling Individual Situational Awareness xxiii Modeling Shared Situational Awareness xxiv Future Directions xxvi Acknowledgements xxix Glossary of Terms and Acronyms xxxi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Research Objectives 2 Analytical Framework 3 Limitations 4 Organization of this Report 4 Chapter 2. The Analytic Framework 7 The C4ISR Information Superiority Reference Model 7 The C4ISR Architecture 9 The Network-Centric Warfare Value Chain 10 Information Quality 13 Fitness Measure 14 Completeness 15 Correctness 15 Currency 16 A Quantitative Methodology 16 Summing up 18 Chapter 3: The Physical and Information Domains 21 The Physical Domain 21 Features 21 The Relevant Ground Truth 22 The Information Domain 22 The Sensor Sub-Domain 23 Sensors and sources 24 Active and Passive Sensors 24 Sensor Detections 25 Completeness 25 Correctness 27 Currency 31 The Fusion Sub-Domain 31 Fusion 32 Uses of Fused Information 33 Fusion Facilities 34 Automation and Control 35 Completeness 35 Correctness 37 Currency 41 The Network Sub-Domain 41 Communications Networks 42 Completeness 42 Correctness 43 Currency 44 An Alternative for Complete Networks 45 Shared Information 46 Summing Up 47 Sensor Metrics 47 Fusion Metrics 48 Network Metrics 49 Chapter 4. The Cognitive Domain 51 Analysis in the Cognitive Domain 52 Modeling Individual Situational Awareness 53 Modeling the Individual 53 Individual Situational Awareness 55 The Impact of Fusion Levels 56 Modeling Shared Situational Awareness 57 Collaborating Teams 58 Common Ground 60 Collaboration and Common Ground 61 Transactive Memory Systems 62 Structure and Contents of the Transactive Memory System 63 Process Model for Development of the Transactive Memory System 65 Modeling Familiarity 67 Estimating Team Hardness 68 Consensus 69 Shared Situational Awareness 70 Summing up 72 Modeling Individual Situational Awareness 72 Modeling Shared Situational Awareness 73 Implications 75 Chapter 5. Future Work 77 Refinement of Current Research 77 Data Fitting 77 Experimentation 78 Decision, Understanding and Action 78 Historical Analyses 78 Gaming 79 Application of the Research to Other C4ISR Architectures 79 Appendix A. Some Definitions 81 Measures and Metrics 81 Information 82 Information Superiority 84 Network Centric Warfare 84 Cognitive Domain Terms 87 Appendix B. Candidate Models 89 Similarity Matrices 89 Armor 90 Set Theoretic Tracking Metric 91 Critical Path Method 92 Sensors 94 A Reliability Model of Completeness 95 Occlusions 97 Collective Completeness 99 Dissemination 101 Individual Situational Awareness 103 Transactive Memory System Model 105 A Revised Model of Individual Situational Awareness 107 A Model of Shared Situational Awareness 107 Appendix C. A Spreadsheet Model Representation 109 Modelling Information Quality 109 Sensors 109 Fusion 111 Network 112 Modeling Team Decision Making 112 The Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) 113 Information Domain Assessments 113 Cognitive Domain Assessments 115 Analysis 116 Results 119 References 121 FIGURES Fig. S.1 / The Information Superiority Reference Model xvii Fig. S.2 / The Information Superiority Value Chain xviii Fig. 2.1 / The Information Superiority Reference Model 9 Fig. 2.2 / The Information Superiority Value Chain 11 Fig. 3.1 / Information Domain Transformations 23 Fig. 3.2 / Measuring Precision 30 Fig. 3.3 / Parallel-Sequential Fusion Process 34 Fig. 3.4 / Fusion Center Classification Rates 36 Fig. 3.5 / Basic Elements of a Recursive Tracking System 39 Fig. 3.6 / Tracking Cases when n=k 40 Fig. 3.7 / Tracking Cases when n > k 41 Fig. 3.8 / Shared and Common Information 47 Fig. 4.1 / Cognitive Domain Transformations 52 Fig. 4.2 / Notional Effect of Complete Information on Awareness 56 Fig. 4.3 / Fusion Level Effects on Situational Awareness 57 Fig. 4.4 / Transactive Memory System for Shared Situational Awareness 64 Fig. 4.5 / Process Model for Developing the Transactive Memory System 66 Fig. 4.6 / Collaborative Team Development 68 Fig. 4.7 / Team Size and Hardness Determine Task Duration 75 Fig. B.1 / Track Sets 92 Fig. B.2 / Example Currency Calculation 93 Fig. B.3 / Generic Sensor Performance Model 95 Fig. B.4 / Sensor Performance 97 Fig. B.5 / Terrain Occluded Targets 98 Fig. B.6 / Accounting for Occlusions 99 Fig. B.7 / Multi-Sensor Operations 100 Fig. B.8 / A Communications Sub-Network 102 Fig. B.9 / The Effect of Complete Information on Awareness 104 Fig. B.10 / S-Curve Representation of Quality Effects on Situational Awareness 105 Fig. B.11 / Transactive Memory for Alternative Values of Team Hardness 106 Fig. C.1 / Alternative Sensor Architectures 111 Fig. C.2 / Model Fusion Architecture 112 Fig. C.3 / Infoview Information Domain GUI 114 Fig. C.4 / Infoview Cognitive Domain GUI 116 Fig. C.5 / Mixed Architecture Cases 117 Fig. C.6 / Independent Architecture Cases 118 Fig. C.7 / Independent Architecture Shared Situational Awareness 119 TABLES Table 2.1 Objective and Fitness Measures 14 Table 2.2 Measures of Information Quality 15 Table 3.1 Some Unit Features 22 Table 3.2 Fusion Processing Levels 33 Table 4.1 Exemplar Discrete Awareness Attributes 54 Table 4.2 Exemplar Decision Agents 54 Table 4.3 Attributes Affecting Collaborating Teams 60 Table 4.4 Common Ground Components and Attributes 61 Table B.1 Distribution of Equipment by Unit Type 89 Table B.2 Similarity Matrix for Unit Type 90 Table B.3 Normalized similarity Matrix for Unit Type 91 Table B.4 Network Completeness Assessment 103 Table C.1 Sensor Quality Functions 110
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Command and control systems United States, Information warfare United States