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CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Advantages of steel construction 1 1.2 Opportunity for architectural expression 2 1.3 Holistic approach 3 1.4 Scale and ornament 4 1.5 Steel 'kit of parts' 5 1.6 Tubular steelwork 8 2. INTRODUCTION TO EXPRESSED STRUCTURAL FORM 25 2.1 Expression of bracing 28 2.2 Arched and curved structures 30 2.3 Tension structures 34 2.4 Fabricated members 37 2.5 Structure/envelope relationship 42 3. FRAME DESIGN 48 3.1 The frame as the basic unit of construction 48 3.2 Exposing the frame 49 3.3 Braced versus rigid frames 52 3.4 Portal frame structures 53 3.5 Expressing the connections 58 3.6 Alternative forms of bracing 61 4. TYPES OF BEAMS, COLUMNS AND TRUSSES 66 4.1 Beams 66 4.2 Long span beams 75 4.3 Curved beams 80 4.4 Columns 88 4.5 Trusses and lattice girders 95 5. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN I SECTIONS 111 5.1 Introduction to connections 111 5.2 Benefits of standardisation 111 5.3 Industry-standard connections 112 5.4 Beam to column connections 114 5.5 Beam to beam connections 119 5.6 Column splices 122 5.7 Column bases 123 5.8 Connections in trusses 125 5.9 Bracing and tie members 127 6. CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TUBULAR SECTIONS 129 6.1 Preparation of members 129 6.2 Bolted and pinned connections 130 6.3 Welded flange or end plates and bolted connections 132 6.4 In-line connections 135 6.5 Welded nodes to columns and masts 137 6.6 Pinned connections to tubular sections 139 6.7 Welded tube to tube connections 141 6.8 Connections in trusses and lattice construction 143 6.9 Beam to column connections in tubular construction 156 6.10 Special bolted connections to SHS and RHS 160 7. TENSION STRUCTURES 163 7.1 Design opportunities for tension structures 164 7.2 Different forms of tension attachments 167 7.3 Fabric supported structures 171 7.4 Adjustments 171 7.5 Tie rod or cable connections 171 7.6 Tension structures using tubular members 183 8. SPACE FRAMES 187 8.1 Advantages and disadvantages of space grids 188 8.2 Common forms of space grids 188 8.3 Support locations 190 8.4 Span/depth ratios 191 8.5 Commercially available systems 192 9. GLAZING INTERFACE DETAILS 199 9.1 Architecture 199 9.2 Interfaces 199 9.3 Tolerances 200 9.4 Support structures 201 9.5 Use of tubular members in glazing systems 212 10. STEELWORK PENETRATIONS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVELOPE 219 10.1 Waterproofing 219 10.2 Cold bridging 220 11. TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STEEL 227 11.1 Specification for structural steels 227 11.2 Design standards 227 11.3 Manufacturing methods for hot rolled steel sections 228 11.4 Stainless steel 232 11.5 Weathering steels 233 11.6 Use of cast steel 233 12. CORROSION PROTECTION 242 12.1 Internal steelwork 242 12.2 Protective treatment specification 243 12.3 Surface preparation 243 12.4 Type of protection to be used 244 12.5 Method and location of application 250 12.6 Protection of connections 251 12.7 Detailing of exposed steelwork to reduce corrosion 255 12.8 Contact with other materials 255 13. FIRE PROTECTION 257 13.1 Forms of fire protection 257 13.2 Sprayed and board protection 258 13.3 Intumescent coatings 258 13.4 Partial encasement by concrete 260 13.5 Concrete filling of tubular sections 261 13.6 Water filling of tubular sections 262 13.7 Fire protection by enclosure 262 13.8 Fire engineering 265 13.9 External steelwork 266 14. SITE INSTALLATION 267 14.1 Bolting 267 14.2 Welding 268 14.3 Welding tubular sections 271 14.4 Tolerances 275 14.5 Deflections 275 15. OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 279 15.1 Pre-contract involvement of the fabricator 279 15.2 Drawing examination and approval 279 15.3 Key decisions/checklists 279 15.4 Fabricators responsibilities during erection 280 15.5 Mock-ups and prototypes 280 15.6 Transportation of steelwork 281 16. REFERENCES AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 283 16.1 Further sources of information 283 16.2 Sources of advice 284 16.3 Specialist companies 285 16.4 Bibliography 286 16.5 Architects working details 289 16.6 Corus publications on tubes 293
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